Section 54:
Presumption as to culpable mental state.
(1) In any prosecution for any offence under this Act
which requires a culpable mental state on the part of the accused, the court shall presume the existence of
such mental state but it shall be a defence for the accused to prove the fact that he had no such mental
state with respect to the act charged as an offence in that prosecution.
Explanation.—In this sub-section, "culpable mental state" includes intention, motive or knowledge of
a fact or belief in, or reason to believe, a fact.
(2) For the purposes of this section, a fact is said to be proved only when the court believes it to exist
beyond reasonable doubt and not merely when its existence is established by a preponderance of
probability.